Amahhashi, izidalwa ezinhle kakhulu nezinamandla, ziye zathatha umcabango womuntu amakhulu eminyaka. Njengoba abagibeli bamahhashi nabathandi bamahhashi beye baxhumana nalezi zilwane, kuye kwaphakama imibuzo eminingi mayelana nombono wazo wezinzwa, kuhlanganise nekhono lazo lokubona nokuhumusha imibala. Umbuzo owodwa ojwayelekile ukuthi amahhashi awaboni yini umbala. Kulesi sihloko esibanzi, sizohlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wokubona kwe-equine, ikhono labo lokubona imibala, nemithelela yokuhlakanipha kwabo kokubukwa ekuziphatheni kwabo nasekuxhumaneni kwabantu.
Ukuqonda I-Equine Vision
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi amahhashi awaboni yini imibala, kudingeka sihlole ubunkimbinkimbi bokubona kwe-equine. Amahhashi, njengazo zonke izilwane, aguquke ukuze abone umhlaba ngezindlela ezivumelanisa nezidingo zawo nendawo ezungezile.
I-Anatomy Yeso Lengulube
Amahhashi anamehlo amakhulu, acacile abekwe ezinhlangothini zamakhanda awo, okuwavumela ukuba abe nenkundla ebanzi yokubona. Amehlo azo ajwayele ukubona ukunyakaza, okubalulekile ekusindeni kwesilwane esizingelayo.
Iso le-equine liqukethe izakhiwo ezifana nalezi ezisesweni lomuntu. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zeso lehhashi zihlanganisa:
- I-Cornea: Indawo esobala, engaphambili yeso enqamula ukukhanya kungena esweni.
- U-Iris: Ingxenye yeso enombala elawula usayizi womfundi kanye nenani lokukhanya elingenayo.
- Umfundi: Imbobo emnyama, emaphakathi ku-iris enwebekayo noma efinyezayo ukuze ilawule inani lokukhanya okufinyelela ku-retina.
- I-Lens: Isakhiwo esicacile, esivumelana nezimo esiza ukugxilisa ukukhanya ku-retina.
- I-Retina: Izicubu ezizwela ukukhanya ngemuva kweso eliqukethe amaseli e-photoreceptor anesibopho sokuthola ukukhanya nokudlulisa ulwazi olubonakalayo ebuchosheni.
- Inzwa ye-Optic: Inqwaba yemicu yezinzwa ethwala ukwaziswa okubonakalayo kusuka ku-retina kuya ebuchosheni ukuze kucutshungulwe.
Inkambu Yombono
Amahhashi anensimu ephawulekayo yombono ngenxa yokubeka amehlo awo ezinhlangothini zamakhanda awo. Lolu hlelo lubavumela ukuthi babe nombono we-panoramic wendawo ebazungezile, nomkhakha wokubona ohlanganisa cishe ama-degree angu-350. Nokho, lomkhakha obanzi wokubona ufika ngenani lokubona ngezibonakude, lapho womabili amehlo egxile entweni efanayo, elinganiselwe ebangeni elincane eliphambi kwehhashi.
Umbono ebusuku
Amahhashi abona kahle kakhulu ebusuku, ngenxa ye-tapetum lucidum yawo, ungqimba olukhanyayo esweni oluthuthukisa ikhono lawo lokubona ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi. Lesi sendlalelo sibonisa ukukhanya emuva ku-retina, okwandisa ithuba lamaseli e-photoreceptor ukuze akubone. Ngenxa yalokho, amahhashi angabona kahle ezindaweni ezimnyama noma ezimnyama.
Umbono we-Monocular
Ngaphezu kombono we-binocular kanye nobusuku, amahhashi anombono we-monocular. Iso ngalinye lingakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimela, lizivumela ukuthi ziqaphe izingxenye ezihlukene zendawo yazo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukubona kwe-monocular kubaluleke kakhulu esilwaneni esizingelayo, njengoba kusenza sikwazi ukubona izinsongo ezivela ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene.
Ukubona Imibala
Manje, ake sihlole umbuzo othakazelisayo wokuthi amahhashi awaboni yini imibala. Ukubona kombala yikhono lokubona nokuhlukanisa imibala ehlukene ku-spectrum ebonakalayo. Kubantu, ukubona imibala kuwumphumela wokuba nezinhlobo ezintathu zama-receptors ombala, noma izigaxa, kuyi-retina. Lawa makhoni azwela kumaza ahlukene okukhanya, okusivumela ukuthi sibone izinhlobonhlobo zemibala.
Ukubona Umbala Emahhashini
Amahhashi, ngokungafani nabantu, anezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zamakhoni ku-retina yawo, okunciphisa ikhono lawo lokubona imibala ehlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezimbili zamakhoni esweni le-equine ziyazwela kumaza okukhanya aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza. Ngenxa yalokho, amahhashi ngokuyinhloko abona umhlaba emithunzini eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza, enobandlululo olulinganiselwe lwemibala.
Ukuzwela kweSpectral
Amahhashi azwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni ezingxenyeni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neziluhlaza ze-spectrum, ezibonakala kuwo. Banekhono elincishisiwe lokubona imibala ezingxenyeni ezibomvu neziphuzi ze-spectrum. Emahhashini, izinto ezibonakala zibomvu kubantu zingase zibonakale njengemithunzi empunga noma eluhlaza. Lo mbono olinganiselwe wombala uye waholela embonweni oyiphutha wokuthi amahhashi awaboni umbala.
Imithelela Yokubona Umbala
Ukubona umbala okulinganiselwe kwamahhashi kunemithelela embalwa ngokuziphatha kwawo nokusebenzisana nendawo yawo:
Ukutholwa kwe-Camouflage
Ikhono lamahhashi lokubona izinto ezigqamayo ngenxa yombala wawo alithuthukile njengelomuntu. Isibonelo, bangase bangahlukaniseki kalula phakathi kwento ebomvu nengemuva eliluhlaza. Lokhu kubalulekile kumongo wezilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo noma izinsongo, njengoba izinhlobo ezithile zokufihla zingase zingasebenzi kahle kumahhashi.
Izimpendulo Kumbala
Amahhashi aziwa ngokuphendula umehluko ekukhanyeni nasekuhlukeni, ngisho noma engakwazi ukubona imibala ethile yezinto. Isibonelo, bangase baphendule ngendlela ehlukile ezintweni noma emaphethini anezinga eliphezulu lokugqama, okubenza bahluke ngokumelene nendawo ezizungezile.
Umbono we-Monocular kanye ne-Binocular
Amahhashi asebenzisa kokubili umbono we-monocular kanye ne-binocular ukuhlola indawo ezungezile. Ukubona kwe-monocular kuzivumela ukuthi zibone ukunyakaza nokuqhathanisa endaweni ebanzi yokubuka, kuyilapho umbono we-binocular unikeza ukuqonda okujulile, okuwusizo ekuboneni izithiyo nokuhlola amabanga.
Ifa
Ifa lokubona imibala emahhashini linqunywa izakhi zofuzo. Ukuba khona kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile kuthonya inombolo nokuzwela kwama-cones ku-retina yehhashi. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kofuzo kungaholela ekwehlukeni kombono wombala phakathi kwehhashi ngalinye.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha
Ukubona umbala okulinganiselwe kwamahhashi kunomthelela ekuziphatheni kwawo nasekusebenzisaneni kwawo nabantu. Ukuqonda indlela ababona ngayo indawo abakuyo kungasiza abanikazi bamahhashi nabanakekeli ukuba banikeze ukuqeqeshwa nokunakekela okuphumelelayo.
Training
Lapho uqeqesha amahhashi, kubalulekile ukucabangela umbono wawo obonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa izinkomba ezinombala noma izithiyo ekuqeqesheni kungase kungasebenzi kahle, njengoba amahhashi angase angakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibala ethile. Kunalokho, abaqeqeshi bavame ukuthembela kwezinye izimpawu, njengokuqhathanisa, ukuma, nokukhanya.
Ingubo Yomgibeli
Abagibeli nabaphathi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amahhashi angase abone ukugqoka kwawo ngendlela ehlukile kunabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-saddle pad ebomvu ngokugqamile ingase ingabonakali njengehlabayo ehhashini njengoba ibonakala kumuntu. Lokhu kuqonda kungazisa izinqumo mayelana nokukhetha kwemishini nezingubo lapho usebenza namahhashi.
Izingosi zemvelo
Indawo okuzungezile amahhashi ahlala futhi asebenza kuyo ingathuthukiswa ukuze ibone. Ukusebenzisa imibala nezinto ezinikeza ukugqama okuqinile kungasiza amahhashi ukuthi azulazule endaweni yawo kalula. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuzilungiselelo lapho amahhashi esetshenziselwa imisebenzi efana nokugxuma, lapho edinga ukwahlulela ngokunembile amabanga nezithiyo.
Ukuphepha Nenhlalakahle
Ukuqonda umbala wamahhashi kubalulekile ukuze aphephe nenhlalakahle yawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto ezinemibala egqamile endleleni noma enkundleni yokugibela zingase zibonakale zihlukile emahhashini kunabantu. Ukuqaphela lokhu kungafani kungasiza ekuvimbeleni izingozi futhi kuqinisekise inhlalakahle yehhashi nomgibeli.
I-Visual Stress
Amahhashi angase abe nokucindezeleka okubonakalayo lapho evezwe ekuhlukeni okwedlulele, njengokukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo noma ukukhanya okukhulu kokwenziwa. Ukunciphisa i-glare nokuqinisekisa umthunzi owanele endaweni yabo kungaba nomthelela ekunethezekeni nasenhlalakahleni yabo.
I-Equine Vision Research
Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kumbono we-equine luhlose ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi amahhashi awubona kanjani umhlaba. Abacwaningi baphenya izihloko ezinjengokubandlululwa kwemibala, ukucophelela kokubukwayo, kanye nomthelela wezinto ezibukwayo ezihlukahlukene ekuziphatheni kwe-equine. Lolu cwaningo lungaholela emibonweni ebalulekile yokunakekelwa nokuqeqeshwa kwamahhashi.
I-Equine Vision Izinganekwane kanye Nemibono Engalungile
Njengoba sihlola isihloko sombono we-equine kanye nombono wombala, kubalulekile ukubhekana nezinganekwane ezivamile kanye nemibono eyiphutha mayelana nendlela amahhashi abona ngayo umhlaba.
Inganekwane: Amahhashi Abona Yonke Into Emnyama Nokumhlophe
Lona umbono oyiphutha ovamile, kodwa awunembile. Amahhashi ayayibona imibala, nakuba inemibala elinganiselwe kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neyabantu. Ababona ukungaboni umbala ngomqondo wokubona kumnyama nokumhlophe kuphela.
Inganekwane: Amahhashi Awaboni Abomvu
Nakuba amahhashi engase angaboni okubomvu ngokucace njengabantu, angakwazi ukubona amathunzi athile abomvu njengengxenye yombala wawo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza. Nokho, bangase bangaboni okubomvu ngendlela efanayo naleyo abantu abayibona ngayo.
Inganekwane: Amahhashi Awaboni Ebumnyameni
Amahhashi anombono omuhle kakhulu wasebusuku, ngenxa ye-tapetum lucidum yawo, ebonisa ukukhanya futhi ethuthukisa ikhono lawo lokubona ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi. Bangakwazi ukubona kahle endaweni emnyama noma emnyama.
Inganekwane: Amahhashi Angabona Ukukhanya Kwe-Ultraviolet
Amahhashi anekhono lokubona ukukhanya okuthile kwe-ultraviolet (UV), kodwa izinga akubona ngalo aliqondwa ngokugcwele. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi amahhashi angase asebenzise umbono we-UV ngezinjongo ezithile, njengokuhlonza izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo noma ukuhlola ubudala befolishi.
Isiphetho
Amahhashi anendlela eyingqayizivele nethakazelisayo yokubona umhlaba, ehlukile ekubonweni komuntu. Nakuba bengezona izimpumputhe zemibala, ukubona kwazo umbala kukhawulelwe emithunzini eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza, kunokuzwela okuncane kumaza abomvu naphuzi. Ukuqonda ukubonakala kombala wamahhashi kanye nomthelela wokuziphatha kwawo nokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile kubalulekile ekunakekeleni kwawo nasenhlalakahleni yawo.
Umbono obanzi wamahhashi, ukubona okuhle kakhulu ebusuku, kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa umbono we-monocular kanye ne-binocular konke ukuguquguquka okuye kwavela ukuze kuwasize achume njengezilwane ezizingelayo. Lokhu kuqonda kwazisa ukuqeqeshwa, ukuphathwa nokunakekelwa kwalezi zidalwa ezinhle kakhulu futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi zingaphila impilo enempilo, ephephile, nenelisayo ngokubambisana nabantu.
