Amahashe, izidalwa ezimangalisayo nezinamandla, ziye zathimba intelekelelo yabantu kangangeenkulungwane. Njengoko abakhweli-mahashe nabathanda amahashe benxibelelana nezi zilwanyana, kuye kwavela imibuzo emininzi malunga nokuqonda kwabo ngokweemvakalelo, kuquka ukukwazi kwabo ukubona nokutolika imibala. Omnye umbuzo oqhelekileyo ngowokuba ingaba amahashe awaboni na ngemibala. Kweli nqaku libanzi, siza kuphonononga ihlabathi elinomdla lombono we-equine, ukukwazi kwabo ukubona imibala, kunye nefuthe lobuchule babo bokubona kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye nokusebenzisana nabantu.
Ukuqonda Umbono weEquine
Ukuze siqonde enoba amahashe awaboni kakuhle na ngemibala, kufuneka sihlolisise indlela entsonkothileyo yokubona iihashe. Amahashe, njengazo zonke izilwanyana, aguquke ukuze abone ihlabathi ngeendlela ezilungelelaniswe neemfuno zabo kunye neendawo ezihlala kuzo.
I-Anatomy yeLiso le-Equine
Amahashe anamehlo amakhulu, acacileyo abekwe emacaleni entloko yawo, ewavumela ukuba abe nebala elibanzi lombono. Amehlo azo alungele ukubona intshukumo, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ukuze isilwanyana esizingelwayo siphile.
I-equine eye iqulethe izakhiwo ezifana nezo zisesweni lomntu. Amalungu aphambili kwiliso lehashe aquka:
- I-Cornea: Umphezulu weliso ocacileyo, ongaphambili othintela ukukhanya kungena esweni.
- Iris: Indawo enemibala yeliso elawula ubungakanani bomfundi kunye nomthamo wokukhanya ongenayo.
- Umfundi: Umngxuma omnyama, osembindini we-iris othi unwebe okanye ucuthe ukulawula ukukhanya okufikelela kwiretina.
- Lens: Ulwakhiwo olucacileyo, olubhetyebhetye olunceda ukugxila ekukhanyeni kwiretina.
- Iretina: Ithishu ebuthathaka ekukhanyeni ngasemva kweso equlathe iiseli zefotoreceptor ezinoxanduva lokubona ukukhanya kunye nokuhambisa ulwazi olubonakalayo kwingqondo.
- INeva ye-Optic: Inqwaba yemithambo yemithambo-luvo ethwala ulwazi olubonakalayo olusuka kwiretina luyise ebuchotsheni ukuze lucutshungulwe.
Intsimi yoMbono
Amahashe anentsimi ephawulekayo yombono ngenxa yokubeka amehlo abo emacaleni entloko. Eli lungiselelo libavumela ukuba babe nembono ephangaleleyo yendawo ebangqongileyo, kunye nebala lombono eligubungela malunga nama-350 degrees. Nangona kunjalo, lo mmandla ubanzi wombono ufika kwiindleko ze-binocular vision, apho amehlo omabini agxininise kwinto enye, elinganiselwe kuluhlu oluncinci phambi kwehashe.
Umbono woBusuku
Amahashe anombono obalaseleyo wasebusuku, enkosi kwitapetum lucidum yawo, umaleko obonakalayo kwiliso ophucula amandla awo okubona kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi. Lo maleko ubuyisela ukukhanya kwiretina, kwandisa ithuba lokuba iiseli zephotoreceptor ziyibhaqe. Ngenxa yoko, amahashe ayakwazi ukubona kakuhle kwindawo emnyama okanye emnyama.
Umbono weMonocular
Ukongeza kwi-binocular and night view, amahashe anombono we-monocular. Iliso ngalinye linokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo, libavumela ukuba babeke iliso kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ngaxeshanye. Umbono we-monocular uluncedo kakhulu kwisilwanyana esixhobayo, njengoko sisenza sikwazi ukubona izisongelo ezivela kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo.
Ukubona Imibala
Ngoku, makhe sihlolisise umbuzo obangela umdla wokuba ingaba amahashe awaboni na ngemibala. Umbono wombala kukukwazi ukubona kunye nokwahlula imibala eyahlukeneyo kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo. Ebantwini, ukubona imibala kubangelwa kukuba neentlobo ezintathu zezamkeli zemibala, okanye iicones, kwiretina. Ezi cones zinobuntununtunu kubude bamaza ahlukeneyo okukhanya, nto leyo esivumela ukuba sibone uluhlu olubanzi lwemibala.
Umbono wombala kuMahashe
Amahashe, ngokwahlukileyo ebantwini, aneendidi ezimbini kuphela zeecones kwiretina, nto leyo ethintela amandla awo okubona iindidi ezininzi zemibala. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zeecones kwiliso le-equine zinovakalelo kumaza okukhanya abhlowu naluhlaza. Ngenxa yoko, amahashe ngokuyintloko abona ihlabathi kwimithunzi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza, kunye nocalucalulo olulinganiselweyo lwemibala.
Uvakalelo lweSpectral
Amahashe anomdla kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwiindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neziluhlaza kwi-spectrum, ezibonakalayo kubo. Banokunciphisa ukukwazi ukubona imibala kwiindawo ezibomvu kunye nephuzi kwi-spectrum. Emahasheni, izinto ezibonakala zibomvu ebantwini zisenokubonakala njengemithunzi engwevu okanye eluhlaza. Le mbono ilinganiselweyo ngemibala iye yakhokelela kwingcamango ephosakeleyo yokuba amahashe awaboni ngemibala.
Iimpembelelo kuMbala woMbala
Umbono olinganiselweyo wombala wamahashe uneziphumo ezininzi zokuziphatha kwawo kunye nokusebenzisana nendawo yawo:
Ukufunyanwa kweCamouflage
Ubuchule bamahashe bokubona izinto ezigqamayo ngokwemibala yawo abukho buhambele phambili njengobobantu. Ngokomzekelo, abanako ukwahlula ngokulula phakathi kwento ebomvu nemvelaphi eluhlaza. Oku kubalulekile kumxholo wamarhamncwa endalo okanye izoyikiso, njengoko iintlobo ezithile zokufihla zinokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokuchasene namahashe.
Iimpendulo kuMbala
Amahashe ayaziwa ngokusabela kwiiyantlukwano ekukhanyeni nasekuchaseni, nangona engakwazi ukubona imibala ethile yezinto. Ngokomzekelo, banokuphendula ngokungafaniyo kwizinto okanye iipatheni ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokuchasana, obenza ukuba bahluke kwizinto ezibangqongileyo.
Umbono weMonocular kunye neBinocular
Amahashe asebenzisa umbono we-monocular kunye ne-binocular ukuvavanya indawo engqongileyo. Umbono we-Monocular ubavumela ukuba babone intshukumo kunye nokuchasanisa kwindawo ebanzi yokujonga, ngelixa i-binocular vision ibonelela ngembono enzulu, eluncedo ekuqondeni imiqobo kunye nokuvavanya imigama.
Ilifa
Ilifa lokubona imibala kumahashe limiselwa ngokwemfuza. Ubukho bemizila yemfuza ethile buchaphazela inani kunye novakalelo lweecones kwiretina yehashe. Olu tshintsho lwemfuza lungakhokelela kumahluko kwimbono yombala phakathi kwehashe ngalinye.
Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha
Amahashe awaboni kakuhle ngemibala yawo anento yokwenza nendlela aziphatha ngayo kunye nendlela aqhubana ngayo nabantu. Ukuqonda indlela abayibona ngayo imeko-bume yabo kunokunceda abanini bamahashe kunye nabakhathaleli babonelele ngoqeqesho olusebenzayo nokhathalelo.
uqeqesho
Xa uqeqesha amahashe, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imbono yawo ebonakalayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenzisa iimpawu ezinemibala okanye imiqobo ekuqeqesheni isenokungasebenzi kakuhle, njengoko amahashe esenokungakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwemibala ethile. Kunoko, abaqeqeshi bahlala bexhomekeke kwezinye iimpawu, ezifana nokuchasana, ukumila kunye nokukhanya.
Isinxibo somkhweli
Abakhweli nabaphathi bafanele baqonde ukuba amahashe anokubona isinxibo sawo ngokwahlukileyo kunabantu. Ngokomzekelo, isali ebomvu eqaqambileyo isenokungabonakali inomtsalane ehasheni njengokuba isenza emntwini. Oku kuqonda kunokwazisa izigqibo malunga nokukhethwa kwezixhobo kunye nesinxibo xa usebenza namahashe.
Izinto zendalo
Indawo ezingqongileyo apho amahashe ahlala kwaye asebenza khona nawo anokwandiswa ukuze abe nombono wawo. Ukusebenzisa imibala kunye nemathiriyeli enika umahluko olomeleleyo kunokunceda amahashe ukuba ahambe kwindawo yawo ngokulula ngakumbi. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiindawo apho amahashe asetyenziselwa imisebenzi efana nokutsiba, apho kufuneka agwebe ngokuchanekileyo imigama kunye nemiqobo.
Ukhuseleko kunye neNtlalontle
Ukuqonda umbala wamahashe kubalulekile ukuze akhuseleke yaye abe nentlalo-ntle. Ngokomzekelo, izinto ezinemibala eqaqambileyo ezisendleleni okanye kwibala lokukhwela zisenokubonakala zahlukile kumahashe kunabantu. Ukuqaphela oku kungangqinelani kunokunceda ukukhusela iingozi kunye nokuqinisekisa impilo-ntle yehashe kunye nomkhweli.
Uxinzelelo olubonakalayo
Amahashe anokuba noxinzelelo olubonakalayo xa evezwe kukwahluka okugqithisileyo, njengokukhanya kwelanga okuqaqambileyo okanye izibane ezingezizo ezenziweyo. Ukunciphisa ukukhanya kunye nokuqinisekisa umthunzi owaneleyo kwindawo yabo kunokufaka isandla kwinduduzo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.
Equine Vision Research
Uphando oluqhubayo kwi-equine vision lujolise ekuqhubeleni phambili ukuqonda kwethu indlela amahashe alijonga ngayo ihlabathi. Abaphandi baphanda izihloko ezinjengocalucalulo lwemibala, ukubona kakuhle, kunye nefuthe lezinto ezibonakalayo ezahlukeneyo ekuziphatheni kwe-equine. Olu phando lunokukhokelela kwiimbono ezixabisekileyo zokhathalelo noqeqesho lwamahashe.
Equine Vision iintsomi kunye neengcamango ezingezizo
Njengoko sihlolisisa isihloko sombono we-equine kunye nombono wombala, kubalulekile ukujongana neentsomi eziqhelekileyo kunye neengcamango eziphosakeleyo malunga nendlela amahashe abona ngayo ihlabathi.
Intsomi: Amahashe abona yonke into eMnyama naMhlophe
Le yingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo, kodwa ayichanekanga. Amahashe ayabona imibala, nangona uluhlu olulinganiselweyo lwemibala xa kuthelekiswa nabantu. Ababoni mbala ngengqiqo yokubona kumnyama namhlophe kuphela.
Intsomi: Amahashe awaboni Bomvu
Nangona amahashe esenokungaboni ubomvu ngokucacileyo njengabantu, ayakwazi ukubona izithunzi ezithile ezibomvu njengenxalenye yombala ozuba noluhlaza. Noko ke, basenokungaboni ubomvu ngendlela efanayo naleyo abantu bayibona ngayo.
Intsomi: Amahashe Akaboni Ebumnyameni
Amahashe anombono obalaseleyo wasebusuku, ngenxa yetapetum lucidum yawo, ebonisa ukukhanya kwaye iphucula amandla awo okubona kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi. Bayakwazi ukubona kakuhle kwiindawo ezimnyama okanye ezimnyama.
Intsomi: Amahashe ayakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet
Amahashe ayakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kweultraviolet (UV), kodwa umkhamo akubona ngawo awuqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Abanye abaphandi bacebisa ukuba amahashe anokusebenzisa umbono we-UV ngeenjongo ezithile, njengokuchonga iintlobo ezithile zezityalo okanye ukuvavanya ubudala befula.
isiphelo
Amahashe anendlela eyodwa nenika umdla yokubona ihlabathi, eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kumbono womntu. Ngelixa bengengombala ongaboniyo, umbono wabo wombala ukhawulelwe kwimithunzi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza, kunye novakalelo oluncinci kumaza abomvu kunye natyheli. Ukuqonda umbala wamahashe kunye nefuthe kwindlela aziphatha ngayo kunye nokusebenzisana kwawo nokusingqongileyo kubalulekile kukhathalelo nentlalo-ntle yawo.
Intsimi yombono obanzi wamahashe, umbono obalaseleyo wobusuku, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa umbono we-monocular kunye ne-binocular zonke zilungelelaniso eziye zavela ukuze zibancede baphumelele njengezilwanyana ezidliwayo. Oku kuqonda kwazisa uqeqesho, ukuphatha, kunye nokukhathalelwa kwezi zidalwa zibalaseleyo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba banokuphila ubomi obusempilweni, obukhuselekileyo, nobanelisayo ngentsebenziswano nabantu.
